{"id":93,"count":21,"description":"Lithium-ion batteries power many of the things that have come to be essential in the 21st century, including phones, laptops, and vehicles. They've also emerged as an effective tool for storing excess solar energy so it can be used when we need it most.\r\n\r\nBut how your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solar.com\/learn\/solar-battery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">solar battery<\/a> performs this function depends on how it's configured and how you use it.\r\n\r\nIn this article, we'll explore:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#how\">How solar batteries power a home<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#ways\">Three common ways to use a solar battery<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#science\">The science behind lithium-ion battery storage<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#FAQ\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nLet's dive right in with an overview of how solar and battery storage team up to power your home.\r\n<h2><a id=\"how\"><\/a>How does a solar battery power your home?<\/h2>\r\nSolar batteries store excess electricity produced by solar panels so it can be used at the homeowner's convenience later on. This function allows solar panels \u2013 which famously only produce electricity when the sun is shining \u2013 to effectively provide round-the-clock clean energy.\r\n\r\nSince solar and battery are a substantial investment, it\u2019s worth knowing exactly how these systems work together. So, let\u2019s take a closer look at how solar and battery work together.\r\n<h3>Charging a solar battery<\/h3>\r\nThe process begins when sunlight hits the solar panels and is converted into electricity through the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solar.com\/learn\/how-do-solar-panels-work\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photovoltaic effect<\/a>. From here, things get a little interesting.\r\n\r\nSolar panels create a direct current (DC), which is the same current used to charge solar batteries. However, your home and local electricity grid use alternating current (AC) electricity. So, at some point, the DC current from your panels needs to be inverted into an AC current before powering your home \u2013 but exactly when and how many times the current is inverted depends on the type of battery you have.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In a <strong>DC-coupled battery system<\/strong>, the DC electricity from the panels flows <em>directly into the battery<\/em>, where it either charges the battery or is flipped to AC electricity to power systems in the home by the battery\u2019s built-in multi-mode inverter.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In an <strong>AC-coupled battery system<\/strong>, the DC electricity from the solar panels is immediately flipped to AC electricity by the solar inverter(s) and is directly used to power the home. Excess electricity is inverted <em>back <\/em>to a DC current by the battery inverter so it can be used to charge the battery.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Related reading:\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.solar.com\/learn\/should-i-get-an-ac-or-dc-coupled-solar-battery\/\">Should I Get an AC- or DC-Coupled Solar Battery?<\/a>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.solar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/AC-VS-DC-COUPLED-BATTERIES-4.png\" alt=\"diagram showing the difference between AC and DC coupled battery systems\" width=\"1951\" height=\"1196\" \/>\r\n\r\nEach time the current is inverted from AC to DC (or vice versa), a little bit of power is lost to heat. So, DC-coupled systems are typically more efficient because they require fewer inversions.\r\n\r\nThe kicker is that many existing solar-only systems already have solar inverters that flip solar electricity from DC to AC almost immediately after it is produced. In the case of microinverters, this inversion occurs on the panel itself, which makes adding a DC-coupled battery to an existing solar system incredibly difficult.\r\n\r\nDespite differences in configuration, the big picture for AC- and DC-coupled battery systems is the same: Solar electricity is primarily used to power the home, and any excess is used to charge the battery.\r\n<h4>What happens to solar power when batteries are full?<\/h4>\r\nIf your battery is charged to 100% capacity and you <em>still <\/em>have excess solar production, the excess power typically gets pushed (or \u201cexported\u201d) to the local electricity grid to power nearby systems. In most cases, solar owners are compensated for exporting electricity to the grid in the form of on-bill credits.\r\n<h3>Discharging a solar battery<\/h3>\r\nAlright, the battery is now charged with DC electricity from your solar panels \u2013 now what?\r\n\r\nWhen your home needs the power stored in your battery, a multi-mode inverter in your battery flips the current from DC to AC, and the current flows through a panel box to the systems that need power.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In a DC-coupled system, this is the first and only inversion<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In an AC-coupled system, this is the <em>third <\/em>inversion<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nToday\u2019s lithium-ion batteries can discharge 85-100% of their stored capacity (depending on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solar.com\/learn\/types-of-solar-batteries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">type of battery<\/a>) without incurring damage that shortens their lifespan. So, in theory, a 10 kWh battery can store and discharge 8.5 to 10 kWh of power in one cycle. However, in the real world, some of this capacity is lost to heat during inversion(s).\r\n\r\nNow, exactly which systems the battery powers and when it powers them is up to the homeowner.\r\n<h2><a id=\"ways\"><\/a>Common ways to use a solar battery<\/h2>\r\nThere are three main ways to use a solar battery: Critical backup mode, self-consumption mode, and a mix of both. The way you use your battery dictates the way it works. For example, a battery used strictly for backup power works differently than a battery used strictly for solar self-consumption.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11458 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.solar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/How-do-solar-batteries-work.png\" alt=\"How do solar batteries work\" width=\"940\" height=\"788\" \/>\r\n\r\nLet\u2019s take a closer look at each mode and the differences between them.\r\n<h3>How does a battery work in critical backup mode?<\/h3>\r\nSolar batteries are best known for their ability to provide backup power when the grid goes down. Not only does the battery itself provide power, but having a backup-enabled battery also allows the solar system to remain active (whereas solar-only systems are shut off during outages to protect lineworkers).\r\n\r\nHowever, there are limits to which systems a battery can power in backup mode. Unless you invest in several batteries (30-40 kWh of capacity) that can power your entire home, you\u2019ll have to pick and choose which systems you want your battery to power during outages.\r\n\r\nIn fact, backup battery systems are typically configured to an additional electrical panel \u2013 known as a critical loads sub-panel \u2013 that dictates which systems get power during an outage.\r\n\r\n<strong>Here\u2019s how a battery works in backup mode:<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The battery maintains a full charge<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Local power grid goes down<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The battery system\u2019s backup gateway isolates the home from the grid<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The battery feeds power to the home through the critical loads sub-panel<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThe battery can still charge like normal in backup mode, however, it will only power a pre-selected number of circuits in the home like refrigeration, kitchen appliances, lights, medical devices, water heating, Wi-Fi, TV, and device charging.\r\n\r\n<strong>Related reading: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.solar.com\/learn\/how-long-can-a-battery-provide-power-during-an-outage\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Long Can Solar Battery Power A House During An Outage?<\/a>\r\n<h3>How does a battery work in solar self-consumption mode?<\/h3>\r\nThe other main reason to invest in home battery storage is to limit your interaction with the grid by storing and using your own solar production. This is a cost-saving strategy known as solar self-consumption and it\u2019s primarily used by homeowners that have time-of-use (TOU) rates and\/or unfavorable compensation for their excess solar electricity.\r\n\r\nThe idea behind self-consumption mode is that it\u2019s more cost-effective to store and use excess solar energy than to export it to the grid.\r\n\r\nIn self-consumption mode, the battery is configured directly to your main electrical panel and can power any system in the house. But, instead of waiting for the grid to go down, the battery discharges power as soon as solar production isn\u2019t able to keep up with household demand and continues to do so until it has reached its maximum depth of discharge.\r\n\r\nSo, in self-consumption mode, your battery charges and discharges (cycles) most days, whereas in critical backup mode, it only discharges when the grid goes down.\r\n\r\n<strong>Related reading: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.solar.com\/learn\/what-is-consumption-only-battery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What Is a Consumption-Only Battery and Why Is It Being Offered in California?<\/a>\r\n<h3>Can a battery do both backup and solar self-consumption?<\/h3>\r\nFor some homeowners, it\u2019s possible \u2013 and worthwhile \u2013 to have a battery system that can perform solar self-consumption and backup essential systems during outages. However, there are limitations to be aware of.\r\n\r\nFor example, a battery generally maintains a low state of charge (SOC) in self-consumption mode because it charges on solar energy during the day and fully discharges each night to power your home when the sun goes down, as shown by the pink line in the graph below.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11459 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.solar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/self-consumption-state-of-charge.png\" alt=\"self consumption state of charge\" width=\"727\" height=\"620\" \/>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pdf.sciencedirectassets.com\/271429\/1-s2.0-S0306261920X00043\/1-s2.0-S0306261920301446\/am.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjELj%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIHSSgL9EybJnFvVdwJRpBLETLRuRoq3OmXcztgtwXKPfAiEAsLftj60Gon7yJRiDBl8hepPhwsWGKeymOHVuiOxMa6MquwUIwf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDDaSjUJucbiySWJJgiqPBUnmBeEQykTzrWfkSCFTGv8LEMyWnPg7efBPFZW9kWKvlY7pYV41fffxXUHTfRB3W32S%2BxS6bKiDnSFX%2BNWbUL0MmuCxDvlqV5V5%2FwLDshXMj50%2FTl3ZLkDRi%2B4I41zJjANFGlExOBqPwsiV99RMTFXM9BKflIAQJo6XAF2c%2F9XNZJUJHhWTnQd1IXrsGjM%2Bx%2BaLVhsDM5wO85IhFQymVtJPexCGqCbNt5oYAOoJ19mrQzUOSNrleFQaLcITW0svaGtglulhd2A4EBKDSfUHJ1MgPqbj2kQm7Ndv%2FmdVoN9DXWC9A4D2zXl%2FIQXvRnSCFZj6uGy2DqQ64D1MNu9kYtjFTaJlXO2lMMaxvHFYELnyWoUKdL0uhf2dYSV5jovLsTginz%2FWdHU4DM1ufE3uqBX3WM7gk3R9l3BXqgkEk%2B5EoI23Gt4z5kg0RC%2F0TqB%2B%2FzanzEddw1dM8X5QefcwmFt8OebHbQJXekHvNqajbvVPH8e6iLYLJlJmR7O3Ru%2FSHtCTnLDBEt1G%2BkoO5iemeZGJi2DsKnouLThi2l6XuP0g2rf7S4OVRKHlUiBupRtYkX63xp8tFyAj45yqcsf8ZfDVn80f0mhOBFzCWq6Dv9Txy3M3CmbfyhDhyrhIh8GPw9zl5RhO9FiiFE0zMLGUa0NOOSvEYA3L7M2erYYGixJwczxaN0lcSK0mYJJ15pHORFk9jT%2FCAkJIxVPzVxsZ95v17w1r1AOvOlf1mrUHohMx8mANHQLLR%2BCSi%2F6qWMBx3OI2RCAemzf88eWHmq9O25GPkIBzcqQM%2F8SxuxDwt%2F%2FG5nOErQbXKuh1o31I50D9fCWRLcS7EqYrXlcnDyYjz9snzBlMIpD74jij%2FXQxO1cwwsiQqQY6sQGTGeQRv6qlbTcZFT2LLVV5L5JoQCdvPX1QFf%2BzvxBL9ojmadMQzpqfMkVw3G9bzJhrZVgrMq8pC1kPJoWvmiM6Hl0ufBScM4YHGlHL4t3ozBMyZKNR5%2FFydUMw1tTDkBAOG5tJpGuWD9OGI0VqWDBBSqWsUyPPZQoBtt7PUSlje%2BAt0OKDpr6XtJZh%2B3yBqlAtnJSWzwOAK8KypEKXXnPRUQssqFZXRxfA3ccujQXog54%3D&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20231009T172247Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=300&amp;X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY22NJNKHL%2F20231009%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=6f74eb1fecb9f350a4d3f6851e5da4a40334b0714a5187852caabfafa3f97b9e&amp;hash=5a5c2db36034832be84010fb0f306088fb95d385eea722a3e8b24ac56d2a3489&amp;host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&amp;pii=S0306261920301446&amp;tid=pdf-616a040b-2758-49e7-beb2-dfb0b6a3b31a&amp;sid=8b67c2a11fbde74268897d416eafd5a12ef7gxrqa&amp;type=client\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Image source.<\/a><\/span>\r\n\r\nSo, on a typical sunny day in self-consumption mode, you\u2019ll only have a full charge from noon to 4 pm and essentially no charge from 8 pm to 8 am.\r\n\r\nWith that in mind, you\u2019ll need to plan ahead in order to use your battery for backup power. For example, if your utility issues a warning for rolling blackouts or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solar.com\/learn\/solar-and-battery-during-public-safety-power-shutoff-psps\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">planned shutoff events<\/a>, you\u2019ll want to shift your battery into backup mode so it can get and maintain a full charge.\r\n\r\nGrid outages can be difficult to predict, but you may want to shift into backup mode prior to extreme weather events known to cause outages, such as wildfires, heat waves, wind events, and major storms.\r\n\r\n<strong>Bottom line:<\/strong> If your goal is to use your battery for both self-consumption and backup power, <em>understand its capabilities and limitations before you find yourself in a power outage with a drained battery.<\/em>\r\n<h2><a id=\"science\"><\/a>The science behind lithium-ion battery storage<\/h2>\r\nScientifically, lithium-ion solar batteries work through the same chemical reaction used by the lithium-ion batteries in your phone, laptop, or TV remote. And who better to explain battery basics than Walter White from Breaking Bad?\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gLZXC0ZFd08?si=hAbiWNTeCs2H6ycq&amp;start=16\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nIf Walter\u2019s version was a little too crude, here\u2019s a closer look at how lithium-ion solar batteries work.\r\n<h3>How do lithium-ion solar batteries work?<\/h3>\r\nInside each battery cell, lithium ions pass between two chambers \u2013 the negatively-charged anode and the positively-charged cathode \u2013 and release electrons to create an electrical current that powers systems in your home. An electrolyte separator between the anode and cathode ensures that the lithium ions can pass through the two chambers and the electrons must travel <em>out <\/em>of the battery and through the system you wish to power.\r\n\r\n<strong>When the battery discharges<\/strong>, lithium ions flow from the anode to the cathode, and the electrons move from the negative terminal of the battery, through the electrical loads, and back to the positive terminal of the battery.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11462 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.solar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/solar-battery-discharging.png\" alt=\"solar battery discharging\" width=\"818\" height=\"490\" \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>To charge a lithium-ion battery<\/strong>, the process is reversed. The charging source (solar panels) pulls electrons from the positive terminal back to the negative terminal of the battery, and the lithium ions pass from the cathode to the anode to reset the chemical reaction and restore energy potential.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11463 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.solar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/solar-battery-charging.png\" alt=\"solar battery charging\" width=\"818\" height=\"490\" \/>\r\n\r\nThere are several types of lithium-ion batteries that are differentiated by the elements that make up the cathode. The two most common chemistries are Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP).\r\n\r\n<strong>Solar.com nerd stuff:<\/strong> The \u201cF\u201d in LFP stands for Ferrite, which is a synonym for iron.\r\n<h2><a id=\"FAQ\"><\/a>Key Takeaways<\/h2>\r\nSolar batteries are complex systems that combine chemical reactions with Wi-Fi enabled technology to create a smart home energy system. Here are some key points to keep in mind:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Home batteries allow you to store excess solar energy to use at your convenience<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are several battery operating modes that dictate how and when your battery charges and discharges<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lithium-ion batteries work through a chemical reaction that frees electrons to create an electrical current<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.solar.com\/dashboard\">Connect with an Energy Advisor to compare binding battery quotes from trusted local installers.<\/a>\r\n<h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\r\n<h3>How does a solar home battery work?<\/h3>\r\nHome batteries store excess electricity generated by the solar panels to be used at the homeowner's convenience. In many cases, solar energy is stored long-term for the purpose of providing backup power when the grid goes down. In other cases, excess solar energy is stored and discharged on a daily basis to save money by limiting interaction with the local utility grid.\r\n<h3>What happens to solar power when batteries are full?<\/h3>\r\nIn grid-tied systems, once a battery is fully charged, excess solar power is typically exported to the utility grid to power nearby systems in exchange for on-bill credit.\r\n<h3>How long can a solar battery power a house?<\/h3>\r\nExactly how long a solar battery can power a house depends on the size of the battery and the size of the load it\u2019s being asked to power. As a baseline, the NREL found that a small solar system with 10 kWh of battery storage can power critical systems (not including heat or AC) for at least 3 days in virtually every part of the US at any time of year.","link":"https:\/\/www.solar.com\/learn\/how-do-solar-batteries-work\/","name":"How Do Solar Batteries Work?","slug":"how-do-solar-batteries-work","taxonomy":"category","parent":45,"meta":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v19.5 (Yoast SEO v19.10) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Do Solar Batteries Work? | Solar.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A guide to how solar batteries work and how their operations change based on their type and primary function. 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